Hawaii+-+Attorney+General

=Hawaii Attorney General Opinion=

Department of the Attorney General Office of Information Practices State of Hawaii

OIP Opinion Letter No. 90-30 October 23, 1990

=MEMORANDUM=

TO: The Honorable Bartholomew A. Kane State Librarian

ATTN: John R. Penebacker Special Assistant to the State Librarian

FROM: Hugh R. Jones, Staff Attorney

SUBJECT:Public Access to Library Patron Circulation and Fine Records This is in reply to a letter dated October 3, 1990, from John R. Penebacker requesting an advisory opinion from the Office of Information Practices ("OIP") concerning the above-referenced matter.

=ISSUES PRESENTED=

I. Whether, under the Uniform Information Practices Act (Modified), chapter 92F, Hawaii Revised Statutes ("UIPA"), patron circulation records maintained by the Hawaii State Public Library System ("Library"), which identify materials used, requested, or obtained by a patron, must be made available for public inspection and copying?

II. Whether, under the UIPA, information maintained by the Library concerning fines assessed to or owed by Library patrons must be made available for public inspection and copying?

=BRIEF ANSWERS=

I. Unlike the majority of states, Hawaii does not have a specific statute which prohibits public access to public library circulation records. Accordingly, resolution of the question presented must be determined with reference to the provisions of the UIPA. The UIPA does not require agencies to disclose "[g]overnment records which, if disclosed, would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy." Haw. Rev. Stat. 92F-13(1) (Supp. 1989). In order for this exception to apply to a particular government record, it must be a record in which an individual has a significant privacy interest. Based upon attorney general opinions from several other states, and a decision of the Supreme Court of Hawaii, we conclude that individuals have a significant privacy interest in information, such as Library circulation records, which reveals their thoughts, associations, or beliefs.

Furthermore, under the UIPA's balancing test set forth at section 92F-14(a), Hawaii Revised Statutes, we conclude that an individual's privacy interest in Library circulation records is not outweighed by the public interest in disclosure. The public disclosure of Library circulation records would reveal little about "the discussions, deliberations, decisions, and action of government agencies." __See__ Haw. Rev. Stat. 92F-2 (Supp. 1989). Indeed, the public disclosure of Library circulation records would reveal little more than the fact that the Library permitted materials to be borrowed. Accordingly, we conclude that generally, the public disclosure of Library circulation records would "constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy" under the UIPA.

II. Although individuals may have a significant privacy interest in the fact that they have been assessed or owe library fines, we conclude that the disclosure of amounts assessed to, or owed by, Library patrons would not constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy under the UIPA. In our opinion, under the UIPA there is a significant public interest in the disclosure of information concerning amounts owed by individuals to government agencies. The disclosure of this information would reveal any favoritism in the assessment and collection of library fines, whether certain patrons are permitted to exceed maximums set by the Library, and whether the Library diligently collects said fines. Therefore, under the UIPA's balancing test, we conclude that the public interest in the disclosure of this information outweighs the privacy interest an individual may have in the same.

=FACTS=

The Library maintains a variety of information concerning its users ("patrons") in a computer database. Information that is maintained by the Library regarding its patrons may generally be divided into three categories. First, the Library maintains "registration data" which consists of the Library patron's name, patron identification number, address, telephone number, place of registration, and registration date. If the patron is a minor, registration information includes the child's name, grade, school, and guardian.

Second, the Library maintains information concerning "items on loan or request." This information identifies items currently on loan, the status of item (overdue), the date item is due, items on request, and the date placed.

Lastly, the Library maintains information concerning fines owed by its patrons, the items on which fines are due, and whether a patron has exceeded fine maximums established by the Library.

The Library requests the OIP to advise it whether the above-stated information it maintains concerning its patrons must be made available for public inspection under the UIPA.

=DISCUSSION=

I. INTRODUCTION

Under the UIPA, "[a]ll government records are open to public inspection unless access is restricted or closed by law." Haw. Rev. Stat. 92F-11(a) (Supp. 1989). Thus, the UIPA provides, "[e]xcept as provided by section 92F-13, each agency upon request by any person shall make government records available for inspection and copying." Haw. Rev. Stat. 92F-11(b) (Supp. 1989). "Government record" under the UIPA "means __information maintained by an agency in__ written, auditory, visual, __electronic or other physical form__." Haw. Rev. Stat. 92F-3 (Supp. 1989) (emphases added). Because the Library is a "unit of government in this State" or "governing authority," it is an "agency" subject to the provisions of the UIPA. __See__ Haw. Rev. Stat. 92F-3 (Supp. 1989).

Thus, unless protected by one of the UIPA's statutory exceptions to required agency disclosure, the Library's patron records must be made available for inspection and copying during regular business hours. In examining the exceptions set forth at section 92F-13, Hawaii Revised Statutes, the only exception that potentially applies to information concerning patrons of the Library is the UIPA's personal privacy exception. We now turn to an examination of this exception.

II. UIPA'S PERSONAL PRIVACY EXCEPTION

Section 92F-13(1), Hawaii Revised Statutes, provides:

92F-13 Government records; exceptions to general rule. This chapter shall not require disclosure of:

(1) Government records which, if disclosed, would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy;. . ..

Haw. Rev. Stat. 92F-13(1) (Supp. 1989).

Under the UIPA, only "natural persons" have cognizable personal privacy interests. __See__ Haw. Rev. Stat. 92F-3 (Supp. 1989) ("individual means natural person"). Additionally, under the UIPA, an individual must have a "significant" privacy interest in a government record before the UIPA's privacy exception will apply to that record. __See__ S. Conf. Comm. Rep. No. 235, 14th Leg., 1988 Reg. Sess., Haw. S. J. 689, 690 (1988); H.R. Conf. Comm. Rep. No. 112-88, 14th Leg., 1988 Reg. Sess., Haw. H.J. 817, 818 (1988) ("[o]nce a significant privacy interest is found, the privacy interest will be balanced"). Therefore, as an initial matter, it must be determined whether Library patrons have a significant privacy interest in the government records under consideration herein.

In section 92F-14(b), Hawaii Revised Statutes, the Legislature set forth examples of information in which an individual has a significant privacy interest. Section 92F-14(b), Hawaii Revised Statutes, is silent as to the registration or circulation records of public libraries. However, Senate Standing Committee Report No. 2580, dated March 31, 1988, and the commentary to parallel provisions of the Uniform Information Practices Code, upon which the UIPA is based, indicate that this "enumeration is not intended to be exhaustive."[1]

The privacy interest that public library patrons have in library circulation records has been the subject of widespread interest, legislation, and legal

commentary.[2] As observed by one commentator:

For centuries, librarians have been asked to reveal who reads what. Libraries have been asked for reading histories of specific users, circulation histories of particular books, and research histories of controversial topics. Biographers have pored over the library records of Presidents John Adams and Abraham Lincoln ... Police have asked who borrows books on photoengraving, bomb making, and the occult.

Kennedy, __Confidentiality of Library Records: A Survey of__ __Problems, Policies, and Laws__, 81 Law Libr. J. 733 (1989) (hereinafter "Kennedy").

According to our research, as of the date of this opinion, over forty states have enacted statutes that restrict, in varying degrees, public access to patron records of public libraries. __See generally__ Kennedy, 81 Law Libr. J. 733 (1989); Johnson, __A More Cooperative Clerk: The Confidentiality of__ __Library Records__, 81 Law Libr. J. 769 (1989). The State of Hawaii, on the other hand, does not have a specific library records privacy statute which restricts the disclosure of library patron records. Generally, those states that have enacted library patron confidentiality statutes establish a routine right of privacy in library records that may be suspended for good cause as determined by a court or some similarly neutral arbiter.

These statutes differ widely in defining the types of patron records which are protected from disclosure. One approach defines the class of library records which are protected from the perspective of the library. These statutes shield "circulation records" or "registration records." A second, and more common legislative approach, identifies the relevant class of records in terms of patron activity. Many statutes protect records that reflect library materials "requested," "obtained," or "used" by a patron. Arkansas, for example, has a comprehensive law that protects information or documents generated in circulation transactions, computer database searches, interlibrary loans, reference queries, patent searches, and photocopy requests, as well as requests to use reserve and audiovisual materials. A third legislative approach defines the relevant class of protected records in terms of records which reveal a patron's identity or research interest.[3]

In addition to statutes enacted by the majority of states, the American Library Association has adopted a Policy on Confidentiality of Library Records. The current version of this policy strongly recommends that the responsible officers of each library formally adopt a policy which specifically recognizes as confidential, its circulation records and other records identifying the names of library users with specific materials. __See__ ALA Policy Manual 52.4, in __American Library__ __Association, ALA Handbook of Organization 1988/89__, at 37 (1988).

No judicial decision in this State, nor in other jurisdictions, has held that individuals have a constitutional right to privacy in library circulation records. However, in __Brown v. Johnston__, 328 N.W.2d 510 (Iowa 1983) the Iowa Supreme Court permitted the state to obtain library circulation records despite claims that library patrons had a right to privacy in those records. In __Brown__, the court did not explicitly find that patrons' privacy rights were infringed. Instead, the court merely held that if a library patron's right to privacy existed, it was outweighed by the state's interest in a criminal investigation. __See__ __Brown__ 328 N.W.2d 512-13. The decision of the __Brown__ court has been strongly criticized by some commentators. __See__ Comment, __Brown v. Johnston: The__ __Unexamined Issue of Privacy in Public Library Circulation__ __Records in Iowa__, 69 Iowa Law. Rev. 535 (1983).

The facts in __Brown__ are distinguishable from those present here, since in the __Brown__ case, the state sought the circulation records pursuant to a subpoena under the rules of criminal procedure. In this opinion, we must decide whether library circulation records must be available for public inspection under an open records statute. Because __Brown__ involved a subpoena issued under the state's rules of criminal procedure, pursuant to which the state sought access to library circulation records, it is of marginal value in determining whether the public should be permitted access to library circulation records.

The constitutional uncertainty that appears in the __Brown__ decision is reflected in several opinions issued by the attorneys general of various states. The attorneys general of Nevada, Tennessee, and Texas have opined that the United States Constitution protects the confidentiality of library circulation records. __See__ Op. Att'y. Gen. Nev. 80-6 (1980); Op. Att'y Gen. Tenn. 87-04 (1987); Att'y. Gen. Tex. Open Records Decision No. 100 (July 10, 1975). The attorneys general for two other states, Iowa and Mississippi, have taken the opposite view. __See__ Op. Att'y. Gen. Iowa No. 71-8-22 (1971); Op. Att'y. Gen. Iowa No. 78-8-25 (1979); Op. Att'y. Gen. Miss. (May 10, 1985) (available on WESTLAW, MS-AG Database).

In Texas, the Attorney General concluded that library circulation records could not be inspected by the public under an exemption to the Texas Open Records Law, which applied to "information deemed confidential by law, either Constitutional, statutory, or by judicial decision." Acknowledging that the question was one of first impression, the Texas Attorney General stated:

[W]e believe that the courts, if squarely faced with the issue, would hold that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. . . makes confidential that information in library circulation records which would disclose the identity of library patrons in connection with with the material they have obtained from the library.

The First Amendment "necessarily protects the right to receive" information, __Martin v. City of__ __Struthers__, 318 U.S. 141, 143 (1943). It protects the anonymity of the author, __Talley v. California__, 362 U.S. 60 (1960); the anonymity of members of organizations, __Gibson v. Florida Legislative__ __Investigation Committee__, 372 U.S. 539 (1963); __Bates__ __v. City of Little Rock__, 361 U.S. 516 (1960); __NAACP v.__ __Alabama__, 357 U.S. 449 (1958); the right to ask persons to join a labor organization without registering to do so, __Thomas v. Collins__, 323 U.S. 516 (1945), the right to dispense and to receive birth control information in private, __Griswold v.__ __Connecticut__, 381 U.S. 479 (1965); the right to have controversial mail delivered without written request, __Lamont v. Postmaster General__, 381 U.S. 301 (1965); the right to go to a meeting without being questioned as to whether you attended or what you said, __DeGregory v. Attorney General of New Hampshire__, 383 U.S. 825 (1966), the right to give a lecture without being compelled to tell the government what you said, __Sweenzy v. New Hampshire__, 354 U.S. 234 (1957), and the right to view a pornographic film in the privacy of your own home without governmental intrusion, __Stanley v. Georgia__, 394 U.S. 557 (1969).

If by virtue of the First and Fourteenth Amendment, "a state has no business telling a man, sitting alone in his own house, what books he may read or what films he may watch," __Stanley v. Georgia__, __supra__ at 565, then neither does the state have any business telling a man's neighbor what book or picture he has checked out of the public library to read or view in the privacy of his own home.

Texas Open Records Decision No. 100 at 2-3 (Jul. 10, 1975).

In some jurisdictions, the protection of library patron records is established as an exemption to the state's open records law. __See__ Ind. Code Ann. 5-14-3-3(b)(16) (1985); Or. Rev. Stat. 192.500(1)(j) (1985); Va. Code Ann. 2.1-342(B)(8) (1985). On the other hand, the state of Kentucky does not have a library records privacy statute, nor does its open records law specifically exempt such information from disclosure. However, the Kentucky Attorney General has opined that the disclosure of library records which show the use of library materials by named persons would constitute an "unreasonable invasion of privacy." In Op. Att'y. Gen. Ky. No. 82-149 (March 12, 1982), the Kentucky Attorney General found that "the individual's privacy right as to what he borrows from a public library (books, motion picture film, periodicals and any other matter) is overwhelming." __Id__. at 1.

Similarly, before the amendment of Oregon's open records statute to expressly exempt library patron records from disclosure, the Oregon Attorney General stated:

In our society, the private thoughts of individuals comprise the most sacred bastions of privacy. The development of these thoughts is commonly nourished by reading. These private thoughts frequently develop as reflections of, or reactions to the literature an individual selects. The knowledge that the disclosure of library circulation records showing the use of specific library materials by named persons may occur, may intimidate individuals in the selection of library materials. Such disclosure could permit inferences to be drawn as to the private thoughts of individuals. __We therefore conclude that__ __the disclosure of such circulation records would__ __clearly constitute an unreasonable invasion of__ __privacy__. . ..

41 Op. Att'y. Gen. Or. 435 (1981) (emphasis added). In enacting the UIPA, the Legislature declared that "it is the policy of this State that the formation and conduct of public policy--the discussions, deliberations, decisions, and action of government agencies--shall be conducted as openly as possible." Haw. Rev. Stat. 92F-2 (Supp. 1989). On the other hand, the Legislature recognized that "[t]he policy of conducting government business as openly as possible must be tempered by a recognition of the right of the people to privacy, as embodied in section 6 and section 7 of Article I of the Constitution of the State of Hawaii." Haw. Rev. Stat. 92F-2 (Supp. 1989). Consistent with these principles, the Legislature directed those applying the UIPA to "[b]alance the individual privacy interest and the public access interest, allowing access unless it would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy." Haw. Rev. Stat. 92F-2 (Supp. 1989).

In our opinion, individuals have a significant privacy interest in information that reveals the materials that they have requested, used, or obtained from a public library. In addition to forgoing authorities, in __State v. Tanaka__, 67 Haw. 658, 701 P.2d 1274 (1985), the Hawaii Supreme Court noted that article I, section 7 of the Constitution of the State of Hawaii was intended to protect individuals from unwarranted governmental intrusion in activities or matters which reveal an individual's "activities, associations and beliefs," such as an individual's choice of reading materials. __See__ __Tanaka__ 67 Haw. at 662. We also concur with the Oregon Attorney General, when he observed that the disclosure of library circulation records would permit inferences to be drawn as to the private thoughts of individuals.

This conclusion does not end our analysis, since the UIPA provides that the "[d]isclosure of a government record shall not constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy if the public interest in disclosure outweighs the privacy interests of the individual." Haw. Rev. Stat. 92F-14(a) (Supp. 1989). In previous OIP advisory opinions, we opined that the "public interest" to be considered under the UIPA's balancing test is the public interest in information concerning the discussions, deliberations, decisions, and actions of government agencies, which sheds light upon an agency's performance of its statutory duties, or upon what the "government is up to." __See__ OIP Op. Ltr. Nos. 89-16 at 4-6 (Dec. 27, 1989); 90-1 at 8 (Jan. 8, 1990); 90-7 at 7 (Feb. 9, 1990).

In balancing the individual's privacy interest in library circulation records against the "public interest" in disclosure, we agree with the point of view expressed by the General Counsel of the American Library Association:

Library circulation records do **not** contain information regarding the affairs of government but contain information only about the reading habits and propensities of individual citizens. Moreover, library circulation records clearly do not reflect the official acts of public officials and employees. It is no secret that libraries keep circulation records to keep track of their collection. . . . The only acts revealed in such records are the acts of private citizens in borrowing books; the only "official act" they reflect is the fact that the library permitted the book to be borrowed.

Statement of William D. Hill to John Hill, Attorney General of Texas (May 6, 1975), __quoted in__ Million & Fisher, __Library__ __Records: A Review of Confidentiality Laws__ __and Policies__, 11 J. Academic Librarianship 346, 347 (1986).

We conclude that under the UIPA's balancing test, the public interest in the disclosure of library records reflecting materials requested, used, or obtained by a Library patron, does not outweigh a Library patron's significant privacy interest in such information. Accordingly, we conclude that the public disclosure of this information would, under most circumstances, result in a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.4

Furthermore, in previous OIP advisory opinions, we concluded that generally, the disclosure of an individual's home address and home telephone number would result in a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy. __See__ OIP Op. Ltr. No. 90-16 (Dec. 27, 1989). Thus, under the UIPA, the Library should not disclose this patron information to the public.

With respect to Library government records which identify fines owed by patrons for overdue library materials, the UIPA does evidence a significant public interest in the disclosure of information concerning amounts owed by individuals to government agencies. __See__ Haw. Rev. Stat. 92F-12(a)(8) (Supp. 1989); OIP Op. Ltr. No. 90-29 (Oct. 5, 1990). Similarly, other State and county laws reflect this significant public interest. __See__ Haw. Rev. 231-3(10) (Supp. 1990) (State compromises of tax liabilities open to public inspection); Rev. Ord. Hon. 8.1.11 and 8.1.17 (1983) (real property tax assessments and delinquencies open to inspection). Indeed, the Texas Attorney General, while concluding that individuals have a constitutional privacy interest in library circulation records, also stated that:

[W]e do not believe that this constitutional protection extends beyond the identification of an individual patron with the object of his or her attention. Thus, we do not believe that the fact that a person has used the library, owes or has paid a fine is confidential information.

Att'y. Gen. Tex. Open Records Decision No. 100 at 3.

Unlike the disclosure of patron circulation records, the disclosure of amounts owed by library patrons for overdue materials would open up agency actions to the light of public scrutiny. Specifically, the disclosure of such information would indicate whether Library personnel diligently collect unpaid fines, show favoritism in the assessment or collection of such penalties, or allow patrons to exceed fine maximums set by the Library. As such, disclosure of patron fine information would significantly further one of the UIPA's central policies, that the "decisions, and actions of government agencies . . . shall be conducted as openly as possible." Haw. Rev. Stat. 92F-3 (Supp. 1989).

We conclude that given the public interest in the disclosure of amounts owed by individuals to government agencies, the disclosure of government records reflecting amounts owed by Library patrons would not be "clearly unwarranted" under the UIPA's personal privacy exception. Of course, for the reasons stated above, the Library should not disclose information which would identify the library materials which are associated with a patron's library fines.

Lastly, by this opinion, we merely conclude that the UIPA generally does does not require State and county libraries to make available their circulation records for __public__ inspection. We express no opinion concerning the inter-agency disclosure of such information under section 92F-19, Hawaii Revised Statutes, or pursuant to a subpoena issued in the course of a criminal investigation.

=CONCLUSION=

We conclude that generally, the disclosure of information which reveals library materials requested, used, or obtained by individuals would result in a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy under section 92F-13(1), Hawaii Revised Statutes. In our opinion, individuals have a significant privacy interest in information concerning materials that they have requested, used, or obtained from the Library. Further, under the UIPA's balancing test, we find that an individual's privacy interest in this information is not outweighed by the public interest in disclosure.

We further conclude that although individuals may have a significant privacy interest in information concerning fines assessed against them by the Library, the public interest in the disclosure of this information outweighs the privacy interests of the individual. Accordingly, we conclude that the disclosure of information regarding library fines that have been assessed or collected from individuals would not result in a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy under the UIPA.

Hugh R. Jones Staff Attorney HRJ:sc

APPROVED: Kathleen A. Callaghan Director OIP Op. Ltr. No. 90-30

OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF HAWAII

Op. No. 86-18

August 7, 1986

REQUEST BY: Mr. Bartholomew A. Kane State Librarian Department of Education State of Hawaii 65 South King Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96813

OPINION BY: Lawrence, L. Hines, Deputy Attorney General APPROVED: Corinne K. A. Watanabe, Attorney General

OPINION: Re: Social Security Numbers for Library Loans By memorandum dated April 9, 1986, you asked whether the public libraries can demand or ask for the social security number of their patrons. More specificially, you asked the following questions: 1. Can public libraries demand social security numbers from their own library patrons who wish to borrow books from the University of Hawaii through public libraries? 2. Can the public libraries ask for the social security number as part of the information requested when registering library patrons for its own automated circulation system? If this is possible, what are the conditions? We answer your first question in the negative. In answer to your second question, the public libraries may request the social security number from its library patrons if the requirements of the federal "Privacy Act of 1974" are satisfied. Section 7 of the federal "Privacy Act of 1974," Pub. L. No. 93-579, 88 Stat. 1896, provides as follows: (a)(1) It shall be unlawful for any Federal, State or local government agency to deny to any individual any right, benefit, or privilege provided by law because of such individual's refusal to disclose his social security account number. (2) the provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection shall not apply with respect to -- (A) any disclosure which is required by Federal statute, or (B) the disclosure of a social security number to any Federal, State, or local agency maintaining a system of records in existence and operating before January 1, 1975, if such disclosure was required under statute or regulation adopted prior to such date to verify the identity of an individual. (b) Any Federal, State, or local government agency which requests an individual to disclose his social security account number shall inform that individual whether that disclosure is mandatory or voluntary, by what statutory or other authority such number is solicited, and what uses will be made of it. [Emphases added.] An additional exemption to the "Privacy Act of 1974," was provided by the 1976 amendment to the Social Security Act, //42 U.S.C. § 405//(c)(2)(C)(i) and (iii), which provides that an agency of a state charged with the administration of any general public assistance, driver's license, or motor vehicle registration law may require an individual to disclose his or her social security number to such agency solely for the purpose of administering such laws. Thus, under the federal "Privacy Act of 1974" and the "Social Security Act," a federal, state, or local government agency may not require that an individual disclose his or her social security account number as a condition of receiving any benefit or privilege unless required by statute or regulation in existence and operating prior to January 1, 1975, or required by any public assistance, driver's license, or motor vehicle registration law. //Doyle v. Wilson, 529 F. Supp. 1343 (D. Del. 1982).// In addition, any federal, state, or local government agency which requests an individual to disclose his or her social security number shall inform that individual whether the disclosure is mandatory or voluntary, by what statute or regulation such account number is solicited, and what uses will be made of it. //Alcaraz v. Block, 746 F.2d 593 (9th Cir. 1984);// //Doe v. Sharp, 491 F. Supp. 346 (D. Mass. 1980);// //Greater Cleveland Wel. Rights Org. v. Bauer, 462 F. Supp. 1319 (D. Ohio 1978).// We know of no state statute which requires a library patron to disclose his or her social security number when either borrowing books from the University of Hawaii through the public libraries or registering for the public libraries' automated circulation system. Also, you have informed us that the public libraries did not have regulations requesting or requiring library patrons to provide their social security numbers when registering to use the library, which were in effect prior to January 1, 1975. In view of the above, we conclude that the public libraries may not demand social security numbers from library patrons who wish to borrow books from the public libraries or the University of Hawaii through the public libraries. The public libraries may ask for the social security number as part of the information requested when registering library patrons in the public libraries' automated circulation system, so long as the library patron is informed that the disclosure of his or her social security number is not mandatory, but voluntary, and not a prerequisite for borrowing books through the library system, and the patron is told of the uses to be made of the social security number.

[1] The Legislature directed those interpreting the UIPA's provisions to consult the Commentary to the Uniform Information Practices Code for guidance in applying similar provisions of the UIPA. See H.R. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 342-88, 14th Leg., 1988 Reg. Sess., Haw. H.J. 969, 972 (1988). [2] __See generally__ Comment, __Surveillance of Individual Reading__ __Habits: Constitutional Limitations on Disclosure of Library__ __Borrower Lists__, 30 Am. U.L. Rev. 275 (1981); O'Neil, __Libraries,__ __Liberties and the First Amendment__, 42 U. Cinc. L. Rev. 209 (1973).  [3] For a thorough discussion of the diverse scope of these state statutes, __see__ Kennedy, 81 Law Libr. J. 733, 754-766 (1989).

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